southern counterparts, wealthy northerners hired help, kept their work places in the back, and didn't always put convenience first. rners of modest means continued to do their cooking -- and their eating, washing, sewing, and weaving -- in one room, leaving the parlor as the more formal sitting room. Eventually they might have a separate dining room. The Marston-Lawrence House shows the change in location of the kitchen as this Maine family prospered and added on to their original center chimney home....... home.5
History of Kitchens
Places for Cooking
Places for Cooking
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The story of American kitchens over time is a story of geography, technology, and social class.
Colonists who settled in the hot southern regions frequently did most of their cooking outside of the main house. As they grew wealthier, they might have built a separate shed or room for cooking, still keeping the heat and danger of fire away from the other part of the house as much as possible, as shown in the saddlebag plan type diagram.
Eventually they incorporated the kitchen into the full house, often in the basement, which was likely to be at ground level. It was cooler there and the fertile land of the plantations made the owners wealthy enough to have servants who had no say in carrying heavy serving trays up and down stairs.
olonists who settled in the north, where they needed to heat their homes most of the time, cooked inside. In the one-room house, the cooking place was simply close to the fire. When they could afford a bigger home, the kitchen moved to a room on one side or to the back of the chimney. And with improvements in flue and hearth design, they could build the kitchen its own fireplace. The smoke, smells and noises of kitchen, as well as the proximity to wood shed, gardens, and well, kept it in the back of the house.
History of Kitchens
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Saddlebag plan
Places for Cooking
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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What living and working areas do you want near the cooking area? An eating area makes sense, but it isn't the only choice. What about the garage or park-ing space to save steps bringing in groceries? And would taking out the garbage be easier if you were close to
a compost pile, recycling bins and garbage cans?
Do you do laundry almost every day? Do you have children whose play and projects require your presence? Access to a deck, a garden or a play yard can
be important. A desk area and phone or
a full office might be handy, and probably a lavatory close to the entrance and cooking area is a good idea..
The entrance closest to the cooking area is likely to be the one that sees the most stuff going in and out. Having places for the bags, boots and briefcases helps keep paths and work areas clear..
Courtesy Benson Woodworkings
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Entrances and Traffic Patterns
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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Places For Cooking
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Courtesy Pan Abode
Eating Areas
Work Centers
This is an assumption worth questioning. If you are looking for space for other purposes -- an office or studio, a guestroom -- consider combining some of the eating areas.
One larger eating area around the corner from, but open to, the cooking area handles breakfast, snacks, and larger dinners. It's close to the kitchen, but roomy, private and potentially dressy enough for company.
Safety is a big consideration when deciding where to put the cooktop and ovens. Plan for proper ventilation, especially with gas stoves. Careful placement will help avoid burns and fires.
Steve Thomas in This Old House Kitchens points out that of the three corners of the work triangle the cooktop shoud be the most remote and the most protected from disruption and clutter. Although pictures often show the cooktop on an island or a peninsula, placing it there is likely to put it right out where newspapers, mail and schoolwork will be dropped.
A 6- to 8-inch wall separating the range from the rest of the island will help, but you still have the challenge of down-drafting -- expensive with a slab foundation.
Places For Cooking
Courtesy NKBA
Ranges, Ovens and Cooking
Work Centers
Ranges, Ovens and Cookingg
Ovens and microwave ovens likewise need careful placement. Clearance for the door of a conventional oven is 48 inches minimum. Micro-wave ovens take less space, but need to be out
of the reach of young children and preferably not
at eye level of adults. The data are not all in on
the longterm health effects of microwave ovens.
A compact and equally fast alternative to a microwave is the Jet Stream Oven by American Harvest. David Goldbeck, in The Smart Kitchen, discusses microwave ovens, conventional ovens, grills, and the pros and cons of gas and electricity. A freestanding stove is less expensive than a separate cooktop and oven, but the many options available for separate ranges and ovens give greater flexibility.
Wall ovens are easier on the back, and stovetops come in different burner arrangements.
Whatever you choose, plan on at least 24 inches of counter space on each side of the range and next to the oven. A heat resistant surface makes sense here. Pots, pans, racks, potholders, and spices need to be within easy reach of the range. Good lighting and adequate vertical space to reach whatever's simmering on the back burner are also important.
To hear what we missed in the 18th century, click the audio button. vertical space to reach whatever's simmering on the back burner are also important. Click on Audio we missed in the eighteenth century, click on the Audio button.
Courtesy Yorktowne
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Because laundry areas are frequently built near kitchens, we mention them here. If you do your laundry while you work in the kitchen or if you hang out your clothes part of the time, this location makes sense. For some people, having the washer and dryer near the bedrooms works best, since that's where the clothes get taken off and put away when they're clean. Drains can be installed under the washer and heavy plastic trays are also available to catch any overflow.
Before electric clothes dryers, second floor or attic space was often used for hanging clothes on racks or lines. Since automatic dryers are among the greediest energy consumers, we might do well to plan a large bathroom, a dry basement or a utility room that will hold drying racks.ks or retractable clothes lines. This drying rack holds one full load of wash (minus kids)..... Here are two other ideas for the laundry space.aundry space...undry space.
Courtesy Funnyboneee.
Courtesy Funnybone
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Places For Cooking
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Places For Cooking
well to plan a large bathroom, a dry basement or a utility room that will hold drying racks.
one full load of wash (minus kids).
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Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
Places For Cooking
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Consider your corners. Also a few inches at the end of the counter might be just right for cannisters or cookbooks.
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Allow 36 inches for the width of most refrigerators and at least 24 inches in depth. Better yet, get the dimensions of the refrigerator you hope to have. Many need to be out 4 inches from the wall for air to circulate around coils. If you use a freezer quite a bit, you may want it in this area as well. Putting them at the ends of counters or surrounding them with built-in storage gives you uninterrupted counter space and view.
Give yourself at least 15 inches of counter space next to the door to set food on as it goes in or out of the refrigerator. Deep cabinets above can hold trays, platters, or large baking pans and are easier to reach than the standard shallow upper cupboards.
Courtesy Brammer
Refrigerator and Food Storage
Work Centers
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Places For Cooking
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Courtesy Wellborn Cabinets, Inc.
Courtesy Fieldstone
Refrigerator and Food Storage
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
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Sink and Cleanup
Accessories abound for food preparation and cleanup. Click on the Audio button to hear about one small but important utensil, and then click on Next to see a few current items..
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Courtesy Fieldstone
Work Centers
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Knowing exactly where that favorite stirring spoon is saves time, and good organization saves space..
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
Space Allotment
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It is standard these days to plan two or sometimes three separate eating areas -- a snack bar, a small breakfast area, and a larger, more formal dining area. his is an asumption worth questioning. If you are looking for space for other purposes -- an office or studio, a guestroom -- consider combining some of the eating areas.
Courtesy Velux
Work Centers
Eating Areas
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Eating Areas
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Since we derive emotional as well as physical nourishment from the places in which we cook and eat, consider qualities that make you feel most comfortable -- an open, airy sense, a darker, cozier feel with judicious lighting, or perhaps a sleek, functional, skylit space.
Locate your kitchen where it will most easily achieve the ambiance and the convenience you want...
Courtesy American Woodmark Corporationnnnerican Woodmark Corporation
Places For Cooking
Location in the House
First Steps in Kitchen Design
And plan this area expansively:
-- pegs and hanger space
-- substantial shelves and/or baskets for hats and
gloves, especially if you have cold winters
-- space for boots and shoes
-- a bench to sit on while you put on boots
-- a table for papers and packages
-- cubbies for bookbags, lunch boxes and briefcases
-- pegs and shelves for sports equipment
-- bins for recyclables
-- good lighting and accessible switches
for indoor and outdoor lights
Not all of this needs to be visible. You can walk through a separate entry room or a utility room and then close that door behind you. A large walk-in closet with good lighting or shelves tucked around a corner will also keep the entry presentable.
Aside from catching and organizing stuff, a separate entry can cut fuel costs by keeping warm air and cold air where they each belong. Designers refer to this as an arctic entry.
The floor plans here suggest only a few ways to deal creatively with this challenge.
Courtesy International Homes of Cedar
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room and then close that door behind you. A
large walk-in closet with good lighting or shelves tucked around a corner will also keep the entry presentable. Aside from catching and organizing stuff, a separate entry can cut fuel costs by keeping warm air and cold air where they each belong. Designers refer to this as an arctic entry. The floor plans here suggest only a few ways to deal creatively with this challenge..
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Work Centers
Work Flowers
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
Eating Areas
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Courtesy Allmilm
If you entertain frequently and prefer a separate formal dining space, a counter or corner table in the kitchen may be just right for quick meals.
A separate dining room also works well for term papers, sewing, or other projects that need a large, temporary space.
Here are some ideas --
Eating Areas
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
steps
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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A tall narrow pantry with revolving shelf and door shelves provides efficient storage space.
To the people who work in the kitchen, the arrangement of the machines, the storage places and the work surfaces count as much as the feel of the place. And it is the work-ability of kitchens that will concern us most here.
But as you study the photographs, notice the ceilings, windows and light-ing, and how crucial these elements are to the overall quality of the space. And consider ways you can design this area to be healthy for you and for the environment....
--- knee space under the sink and wall oven wall ovennk and wall ovennovenoven wall ovennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
For household management ---
--- telephone, phone book, paper and pens
--- bulletin board and calendar
--- small desk with chair or stool
--- file drawer
--- shelf for cookbooks
--- intercom system
--- computer
--- security system panel
--- computerized temperature control panel
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Inventory/Wish List
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Places For Cooking
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Inventory/Wish List
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
Places For Cooking
Almost any shape for the cooking area will work when you combine places. If you like an open feeling and easy visiting between the cook and family or friends, this may be your best bet.
Think about design consistency within the kitchen area and with the rest of the house, and your needs for privacy, quiet, and hiding the cooking clutter.
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Combined Cooking, Eating & Living Areas
Places for Cooking
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The kitchen may be the place in the house where we are most nourished physically and emotionally.
The aroma of spaghetti sauce, the hum of the refrigerator, the smooth-ness of the table that supports home-work as well as supper, these may be the essence of the kitchen.
And when friends answer the phone with "Good morning, Grand Central Station," you know they're standing in that place where they see everyone they live with and everyone who visits ... the kitchen.
Those colonists who settled in the north, where homes were heated most of the time, cooked inside. In the one-room house, the cooking place was simply close to the fire. When they could afford a bigger home, the kitchen was moved to a room on one side or to the back of the chimney. And with improvements in flue and hearth design, they could build the kitchen its own fire-place. The smoke, smells and noises of
a kitchen, as well as the proximity to wood shed, gardens and well, kept it in the back
of the house.
Like their southern counterparts, wealthy northerners hired help, kept their work places in the back, and didn't always put convenience first. rners of modest means continued to do their cooking -- and their eating, washing, sewing, and weaving -- in one room, leaving the parlor as the more formal sitting room. Eventually they might have a separate dining room. The Marston-Lawrence House shows the change in location of the kitchen as this Maine family prospered and added on to their original center chimney home....... home.5
History of Kitchens
Places for Cooking
Northerners of modest means continued to do their cooking -- and eating, washing, sew-ing, and weaving -- in one room, leaving the parlor as the more formal sitting room.
Eventually they might have a separate dining room. The Marston-Lawrence House shows the change in location of the kitchen as this Maine family prospered and added on to their original center chimney home.
History of Kitchens
First Steps in Kitchen Design
chens
Do we still need our cooking areas in the back of the house as many did a century ago? Instead of needing to be close to gardens, well, and wood shed, and hidden from the company in the parlor, we think more about socializing with family and friends as we work.
The kitchen is still utilitarian, but for different tasks than earlier generations had. Phone, bulletin board, homework, mail, and our guests -- all these may find their place in or near the kitchen. The back of the house is no longer the only or necessarily the best place for Grand Central Station.
fixing breakfast. Does morning sunlight help you get started on your day? Then you might want an easterly or southeasterly orientation. Where will you get the best natural ventilation? Cooking odors and exhaust need to go out while fresh air needs to come in. Can the floor double as a solar collector? Do you want a greenhouse window for herbs or a larger greenhouse for year round lettuce?
The kitchen is the most expensive area of the house in both labor and materials. All the more reason to plan carefully and be clear in your priorities. You may want to do the work in stages, using old appliances until you can afford new ones, or painting the subfloor for the time being.
If you plan at the outset for the amount of kitchen space you want down the road, you'll save ripping out or squeezing in later on.
A toe kick drawer uses space that normally goes empty.
Courtesy Plain'n Fancy Kitchens, Inc.
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
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Think about fixing breakfast. Does morning sunlight help you get started on your day? Then you might want an easterly or southeasterly orientation.
Where will you get the best natural ventilation? Cooking odors and exhaust need to go out while fresh air needs to come in. Can the floor double as a solar collector?
Do you want a greenhouse window for herbs or a larger greenhouse for year round lettuce?
You might consider the view while you're fixing supper. Do you want to see a splendid outdoor vista, who's coming and going, the children playing indoors or outdoors, or all of these? From what location in the house can you achieve that? Can you look through the windows of other areas in the house while you're working at the sink?
Courtesy Diamond Cabinets
Places For Cooking
Location in the House
Location in the House
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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The entrance closest to the cooking area is likely to be the one that sees the most stuff going in and out. Having places for the bags, boots and briefcases helps keep paths and work areas clear..
This is one of the most neglected areas in houses. Rarely is there enough space to maneuver, much less put down or pick up the numerous handbags, bookbags, grocery bags, garbage bags and other things that go in and out of the house with you. Searching in the near dark for a missing glove or cramming your coat into a tiny closet isn't the best way to start or end your day.
Remodellers say entries are among the most frequently re-modelled areas of the house because all those built-in closets and shelves cost money.
to keep initial costs down, at least plan and build the space and then build in the storage when you can afford it.
If you need to keep initial costs down, at least plan and build the space and then build in the storage when you can afford it. cost money.
If you need to keep initial costs down, at least plan and build the space and then build in the storage when you can afford it.
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Work Centers
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Courtesy International Homes of Cedar
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Places For Cooking
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The notion of the work triangle sometimes falls short of getting food to the table easily. Space near the stove for serving and an unobstructed path to the table are the essential elements. It's handy to have serving dishes and table linens close by.
After the meal, the flow can reverse itself with the dishes going back to the serving space, or the work flow can circle back to the sink and cleanup area.
Courtesy Aristokraft
Serving Areas
Work Centers
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Places For Cooking
Now, list everything you dislike about your current cooking and food prep area ... and your next door neighbor's. This is important.
Next, list everything you want in your new area. Go ahead and dream -- paper's cheap. A tight budget is the best incentive for creativity and ingenuity.
Keep the inventory and wish lists handy and add to them or change your priorities as you visit your friends' homes, showcase homes or kitchen design stores.
Collect pictures and ideas. Set up boxes and tables to try moving within different arrangements. The more involved you are in the dreaming and planning, the better your design will be.
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Places For Cooking
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First Steps in Kitchen Design
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Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
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Courtesy Plain'n Fancy Kitchens, Inc.
Kids will appreciate the low, pullout breadboard and the rounded corners -- no more banged heads. When it's time for guests, you have an instant buffet.
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With cutting board and drain, this compact sink makes the most of your space.
Courtesy Franke, Inc.
Places For Cooking
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
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KITCHEN & BATH DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
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Courtesy Geba (Both)
Courtesy Geba
Work Centers
Sink and Cleanup
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
phone
A telephone and bulletin board find their way into almost everyone's kitchen. With good planning, a small area can hold telephone, writing space, bulleting board, cookbooks, phone book, file drawer, and writing supplies.
These areas can be tucked into or around corners or put on peninsulas and islands. If you pay bills here or use a computer for household affairs, plan a space big enough and out of the active cooking paths.
Phone and Desk Areas
Work Centers
Phone and Desk Areas
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Wood-Mode
< :PHYSSIZE
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
ntory
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
If your kitchen is destined to become the Grand Central Station of the house, it's important to plan it to serve that function. A list of activities and design considerations is on the next page.
You might want to print one or more copies of this for everyone in the household to check off their priorities and discuss together.
As you use the inventory/wish list, consider these questions.
:PHYSSIZE
How long will you live in this house?
What kind of investment of time and money
do you want to make?
What will your family look like in 5 years?
In 10 years?
How can you plan for resale and still give
the space character?????????????????????????aracter??haracter??character? character?r?r resale and still give the
space character?
Places For Cooking
Inventory/Wish List
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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As you use the inventory/wish list, consider these questions.
Inventory/Wish List
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As you use the inventory/wish list, consider these questions.
th identify what works for you and what you like will save time, dollars, and frustration later on. After all, you're likely to spend 50 percent of your time preparing food, eating, and cleaning up. It's worthwhile to plan a place you will enjoy ... and to enjoy the planning.
GRAPHICS NEEDED THIS PAGEEE
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0s time and motion studies greatly improved kitchen layouts.
Today you'll find the kitchen almost anywhere in the house and almost any size. What matters is what works best for your site and your family.
145a: Jacobs house plan or 145b Falling Waters Plan -- not scanned
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Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
Places For Cooking
:PHYSSIZE
This island separates the cooking area from the rest of the space while improving the work flow. If an island is likely to be the drop point for mail and schoolwork, put the range elsewhere.
Courtesy Crownpoint Cabinetryns, Inc.
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Work Centers
Refrigerator and Food Storage
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Cupboards or a pantry near the refrigerator for boxes and cans of food make sense from a work flow perspective. But items needing cool storage, such as root vegetables, grains, beans, oil, or canned goods do better away from a heat-generating appliance.
David Goldbeck in The Smart Kitchen suggests some ways homeowners can find and use space for cool storage, resulting in the need for a smaller refrigerator and a savings of energy and money.
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Also, in The Kitchen Book, Terence Conran argues persuasively and includes an explicit diagram for a traditional tiled larder to keep food cool.
Click the audio button to hear about an accidental invention.
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
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cess to a deck, a garden or a play yard can be important. A desk area and phone or a full office might be handy, and probably a lavatory close to the entrance and cooking area is a good idea..
Picture yourself bringing the groceries in this door, over to the refrigerator and cupboards next to it. Then take what you need for the next meal to the sink to wash, chop, and mix before it goes onto the stove or into the oven.
From there take all the parts of the meal to the table to enjoy and finally, take the dishes to the sink to be washed.
This complete path is the work flow.
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Work Centers
Places For Cooking
Work Centers
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Serving Areas
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Courtesy Aristokraft (Both)
:PHYSSIZE
Places For Cooking
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:PHYSSIZE
Work Centers
Ranges, Ovens and Cooking
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Places For Cooking
:PHYSSIZE
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
Here are several basic shapes of cooking and food prep areas. The variations are unlimited and fun to play around with.
In the one wall area, all work centers are on one wall. This is used for small or open areas, but it adds extra steps and reduces counter space. An island, peninsula, table or cart can help both problems. Keep the sink between the refrigerator and stove since it serves both.
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Actually, designing places for cooking and eating may be the most fun and most challenging part of designing the entire house. Consider the amount of detail and choice in cabinetry and appliances.
Add lighting, electrical needs, plumbing, heating, cooling, ventilation, and traffic patterns, and it's easy to see how much goes into the planning of this area.
Taking extra time in the design stage to identify what works for you and what you like will save time, dollars, and frustration later on. After all, you're likely to spend 50 percent of your time preparing food, eating, and cleaning up. It's worthwhile to plan a place you will enjoy ... and to enjoy the planning.
Here are two other ideas. And consider outside drying lines, too. The old-fashioned enclosed drying yard outside the back door deserves a come-back. A sunny spot with a high fence or some bushes around it can blend gracefully into landscaping and deck plans. Even if you can't manage it all the time, using indoor racks or outdoor lines part of the time will cut your bills and help the environment..
Those colonists who settled in the north, where homes were heated most of the time, cooked inside. In the one-room house, the cooking place was simply close to the fire. When they
could afford a bigger home, the kitchen was moved to a room on one side or to the back of the chimney. With improvements in flue and hearth design, they could build the kitchen its own fireplace. The smoke, smells, and noises of a kitchen, as well as the proximity to the woodshed, gardens and well, kept it in the back of the house.
Like their southern counterparts, wealthy northerners hired help, kept their work places in the back, and didn't always put convenience first. Northerners of modest means continued to do their cooking
and eating, washing, sewing, and weaving in one room -- leaving the parlor as the more formal sitting room. Eventually they might have a separate dining room. The Marston-Lawrence House shows the change in location of the kitchen as this Maine family prospered and added on to their original center chimney home.......................................................
Places for Cooking
History of Kitchens
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Like their southern counterparts, wealthy northerners hired help, kept their work places in the back, and didn't always put convenience first. Northerners of
modest means continued to do their cooking and eating, washing, sewing,
and weaving in one room -- leaving the
parlor as the more formal sitting room. Eventually they might have a separate dining room. The Marston-Lawrence House shows the change in location of the kitchen as this Maine family prospered and added on to their original center chimney home...
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:PHYSSIZE
The most popular way to plan places for cooking is to define the work triangle -- its points being the refrig-erator and storage area, the sink and cleanup area, and the stove and cooking area. This diagram shows the most comfortable distances between each station.
But when there are multiple uses of this area , multiple entrances to it, and more than three work centers, it may be helpful to think of the work flow, which is the path among several work centers -- from where food enters the house to where it is stored, washed and prepared, cooked and served, then back to where dishes are cleaned up and put away.
Within the work flow, a triangle between refrigerator, sink and stove may make sense, but it may also work best for you some other way. Either way, be sure to route traffic away from the stove -- you don't want to run into anybody with a hot pot. In each of the photos that follow, trace the work flow. Would it work for you??????rk for you? you??you? you?
Courtesy American Woodmark
Work Flowers
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
e bushes around it can blend gracefully into landscaping and deck plans. Even if you can't manage it all the time, using indoor racks or outdoor lines part of the time will cut your bills and help the environment..
Laundry Areask Area
Here are two other ideas for the laundry space.
kbmain
Imagine where you'll fix the meals -- how big, how light, how separate, how organized do you want that place to be?
Look at where bathrooms have been, where they can be, and what shapes they can take.....ly.
There are but a few things on which health and happiness depend more than on the manner in which food is cooked. You may make houses enchantingly beautiful, hang them with pictures, have them clean and airy and convenient; but if the stomach is fed with sour bread and burnt meats, it will raise such rebellions that the eyes will see no beauty anywhere.
-- Catherine Beecher
The American Woman's Home (1869)
rine Beecher
The American Woman's Home (1869)
oman's Home (1869)
Courtesy Wood-Mode Cabinetry v b n
workCenters
laundry
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Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
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Corridor or Galley Cooking Area --
to have another way to route traffic through the house. Allow at least 48 inches between opposite counters. For two cooks, or frequent tasters, plan on 54 -- 64 inches.
Both ends are open and work centers are on opposite walls. This works well for storage and step-saving, but try to have another way to route traffic through the house. Allow at least 48 inches between opposite counters. For two cooks, or frequent tasters, plan on 54 -- 64 inches.asters, plan on 54 -- 64 inches.....
A double pantry near the door to the garage makes it easy to put away groceries . . . and find them.
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Courtesy Allmilm
:PHYSSIZE
Eating Areas
Eating Areas
Work Centers
Places For Cooking
:PHYSSIZE
Many people prefer a window over the sink for view and light. A deep window sill or raised counter area here can hold plants, seedlings, or those special dandelion bouquets. If a window doesn't work well, put in good artificial task lighting.
Nearby, though not necessarily adjacent to the sink, you may want small appliances, mixing bowls and utensils, frequently used food ingredients, and a stretch of counter space on which to use them. Putting this between sink and stove serves both work centers.
There are but a few things on which health and happiness depend more than on the manner in which food is cooked. You may make houses enchantingly beautiful, hang them with pictures, have them clean and airy and convenient; but if the stomach is fed with sour bread and burnt meats, it will raise such rebellions that the eyes will see no beauty anywhere.
-- Catherine Beecher
The American Woman's Home (1869)
rine Beecher
The American Woman's Home (1869)
oman's Home (1869)
Courtesy Wood-Mode Cabinetry v b n
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Plan to Enjoyoking
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Places for Cooking
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:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
The U-shaped cooking area is efficient, out of the traffic flow, and offers ample counter space. An island or a penninsula can be added or the U can open up into an eating area or larger room. Plan inside corners carefully and keep the base of the U at least 5 feet.
Kids will appreciate the low, pullout breadboard and the rounded corners -- no more banged heads. When it's time for guests, you have an instant buffet.
:PHYSSIZE
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The kitchen is the most expensive area of the house in both labor and materials. All the more reason to plan carefully and be clear in your priorities. You may want to do the work in stages, using old appliances until you can afford new ones, or painting the subfloor for the time being.
If you plan at the outset for the amount of kitchen space you want down the road, you'll save ripping out or squeezing in later on.
Places For Cooking
Space Allotment
:PHYSSIZE
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Space Allotment
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
rea around the corner from, but open to, the cooking area handles breakfast, snacks, and larger dinners. It's close to the kitchen, but roomy, private and potentially dressy enough for company.
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Generally speaking, it works best to come from the outside into a hall space rather than into a room. Warm air and cold air stay where they belong, and traffic goes around, not through, work areas.
Entrances can also let in daylight and fresh air. Within the house, they can define one area without cutting it off from others. At their best, entrances invite people from one area of the house to another by giving just enough of a glimpse of what lies beyond to pique the curiosity.
eam transportation brought more foods to more places, and refrigeration was changing eating and cooking habits. Many American women could read. It was a revolutionary book. 2
Catherine Beecher
house ???
History of Kitchens
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This adaptable layout uses two adjacent walls and leaves room for a corner eating area or a central work island. The work flow is efficient and away from traffic. Place a tall item like the refrigerator at an end where it won't break up the work area or block light.
uses it? If your family has one cook who isn't impelled to try every cuisine in the world, a small efficient space may be ideal. If you garden and preserve fresh produce, or bake, or have two or three cooks of different sizes all in there at once, you will obviously want more space, more work stations, maybe different heights of work surfaces.
In this kitchen, the lower level range and island ease the back when stirring or chop-ping. With the sink on the island and the island large, two or three cooks can work together. Barrier-free design requires wider clearance around corners, lower or adjustable height work surfaces, accessible storage, and is comfortable for everyone.
The path between the Kahlo "house" and the Rivera "house" was constrcuted as a bridge with a lockable door at the end; thus it functions as a drawbridge to preserve Kahlo's privacy. In this example, the architecture represents the diagram literally.
In the Rivera/Kahlo diagram the triangular structure of their rela-tionship was realized in three dimensions by constructing three separate buildings within a compound bounded by a high wall.
To the people who work in the kitchen, the arrangement of the machines, the storage places and the work surfaces count as much as the feel of the place. And it is the work-ability of kitchens that will concern us most here.
But as you study the photographs, notice the ceilings, windows and light-ing, and how crucial these elements are to the overall quality of the space. And consider ways you can design this area to be healthy for you and for the environment....
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Plan to Enjoyoking
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Courtesy Crownpoint Cabinetry (Both).
me in handy in all
Breadboards come in handy in all kinds of spaces.
Places For Cooking
Sample Layouts of Places for Cooking
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Small appliances can be heavy. Consider this.
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Courtesy Lindal Cedar Homess
Courtesy Lindal Cedar Homes (both)
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Plan to Enjoyoking
In 1869, Catherine Beecher published
The American Woman's Home, proposing "that the kitchen be the core of the house, the site of a unified set of services, around which the other rooms were spread."
She argued for efficient use of space, built-in cupboards and work surfaces, and for eating places closer to the kitchen. Labor-saving inventions were becoming more popular, steam transportation brought more foods to more places, and refrigeration was changing eating and cooking habits. Many American women could read. It was a revolutionary book.
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Places for Cooking
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See The Kitchen in History by
M. Harrison. See Bibliography.........raphy.
footnote1
See The Kitchen in History by
M. Harrison, p. 126. See Bibliography..........
History of Kitchens
First Steps in Kitchen Design
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The kitchen is the most expensive area of the house in both labor and materials; all the more reason to plan carefully and be clear in your priorities. You may want to do the work in stages, using old appliances until you can afford new ones, or painting the subfloor for the time being.
If you plan at the outset for the amount of kitchen space you want down the road, you'll save ripping out or squeezing in later on..
But the disservice of the metaphor is to suggest that buildings can be conscious, or that they should represent human attributes. Classical architecture, as illustrated in this drawing of a column capital after the 15th century originals by Francesco di Giorgio, begins with an idealized image of the human body imposed upon the landscape.
Humanism is that trait of western cultures which assumes that the world revolves around human conditions. Rather than understand those things which are clearly separate from humans, we have developed an unfortunate tendency to project our own form and will upon them. Thus we have mice named M-i-c-k-e-y and entire cities organized in the physical image of MAN, as in this fortified town (also after di Giorgio) where 6 human forms join to make the star pattern.
The House as a Biological System
Watson's Five Metaphors
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Classical entablature
prospect
Prospec
watsonsVentilation
watsonsLight
An analysis of the Victorian house in the drawing in terms of the micro-climates it
creates, would go like this:
By making an L-shaped plan, open to the
southwest, the house creates an exterior
space which is shielded from predominant
winter winds and receptive to afternoon sun.
In the harsh climate of Maine, this design
strategy creates a sun pocket which can
extend the growing season as much as a
month. In other words, the house has creat-
ed a garden place which might also serve
as an entry "anteroom." In placing the garage
and service spaces of the house on the north
side, the living spaces are likewise shielded
from the winter wind and open to the sun.
Principles of Design
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School Street site plan
The House as a Micro-climate
Watson's Five Metaphors
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Watson's Five Metaphors
n understand those things which are clearly separate from humans, we have developed an unfortunate tendency to project our own form and will upon them. Thus we have mice named M-i-c-k-e-y and entire cities organized in the physical image of MAN, as in this fortified town (also after di Giorgio)......................
Principles of Design
The House as a Biological Systemy
neighborhoodPatterns
Let's consider an example of how a new house can be thoughtfully inserted into an established older neighborhood. The illustration here is a top-down view of a rather typical street in Brunswick, Maine, lined with houses built between 1880 and 1920 -- that is, except for one interloper built in the early 1960's.
It's ironic that this newer house tries desperate-ly to mimic an architectural style of the past, yet violates every other rule which the previous builders observed. The garage is close to the street, the neighbors' privacy is compromised, and the front yard disturbs the street facade..ade..
Principles of Design
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Neighborhood Patterns and Context
Anchoring the Building
Prospec
watsonsVentilation
In the hot and sticky south-eastern United States, the belvedere works in a similar fashion, but without the need to humidify the air before it is introduced into overheated rooms. The deeply shadowed porch and raised first floor serve to cool air before it enters the house.
Both of these architectural devices are very effective heat exchangers. However, as the cultures which invented these
cooling strategies have become
preoccupied with styles of buildingher than with the
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Heartwood was established in 1978 to teach the skills and knowledge it takes to build an energy efficient house ....
The determination to become an active creator of your environment -- as designer or builder -- claims back your right to make a difference, to be able to build places that express your care for the life that will happen within them.
-- Heartwood brochure
the summer
1-week workshops from April to October
Weekend masonry workshops during the summer
Owner-Builder Schools
Heartwood
Johnson Hill Road
Washington, MA 02135
(413) 623-6677
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Courtesy Heartwood
Offerings --
3-week timberframe house building
courses (summer)
1-week workshops, April to October
Weekend masonry workshops (summer)
Un-making Listss
When beginning the design process, some architects quantify the building by making a list -- or program -- of each room in the house and its area in square feet; but at early stages of design thinking, programs tend to limit thoughtful analysis in the same way that naming rooms constricts the invention of new possibilities.
The architect Louis Kahn challenged designers to "...refuse the program....which reads in the form of areas." By example, he interpreted the nature of families and institutions in a far more poetic manner. er. s plan for the Goldenberg House in Rydal, Pennsylvania, Kahn began with a square courtyard, bounded on one side by the hearth and then radiated rooms from this center which responded to their own internal demands.
Un-making Listss
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Quote from: Writing, Lectures, Interviews, by Louis I. Kahn, p. 152. See Resources for information.
clip art???
designer within
The Role of the Architect
The right architect ---
asks what you need and like, and listens carefully to your answers
respects your budget from the start
has done jobs similar to what you want and takes the time to show them to you
has done jobs you are not just impressed by, but that you like
understands construction
has the time, judgment, technical skills, and creativity you need
is comfortable to work with
Who is the right architect???
Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Un-naming Rooms
Through the years Upper Loft has developed an ever-growing course offering that centers on two objectives: to inform and educate the home buying/building public to mechanical and aesthetic aspects of timber framed structures; and to provide the best practical and theoretical education possible for persons who think they might like to become timberframe professionals of hobbyists.
--- Upper Loft Design, Inc. bro
Owner-Builder Schools
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Route 1 Box 2901
Lakemont, Georgia 30552
1-800-242-7474
(706) 782-52466642-7474
(706) 782-5246
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pic smaller in height to add space for caption: logo could be smaller
Through the years Upper Loft has developed an ever-growing course offering that centers
on two objectives: to inform and educate the home buying/building public to mechanical and aesthetic aspects of timber framed struc-tures; and to provide the best practical and theoretical education possible for persons who think they might like to become timber-frame professionals of hobbyists.
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Date: 10/21/92
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111a:environ.
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111d:money
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FN ref Norberg-Schultz
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FN from Eugene Gardner, Planning for Change
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orking is to find a third level of seeing a place -- where the apparent conflicts between nature and culture are dissolved in poetry. An example of this design attitude can be seen in the Berkowitz House at Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.
Planning for Change
The more perfectly your needs are met in a house, the more exclusive the solution becomes. Family structures change over time, and so do owners of houses.
Is it wise to create a living environment so family-specific that it is inflexible to change? In the late 19th century, author Eugene C. Gardner proposed that houses be personalized to a degree that would have scandalized 18th century America. Early republicans would have found Victorian individualism to be shameless self-aggrandizing. (FN)
y Americans have little concern for the moral and democratic ideals of the Greek Revival or Federal Periods, we do seem to be caught in a conflict between the values of con-sumerist self-expression
It is more important to build well than to try to predict those future conditions which will guide how you or others might dwell there. Those eccentric Victorian houses are doing well in today's real estate market.
Although contemporary Americans have little concern for the moral and democratic ideals of the Greek Revival or Federal Periods, we do seem to be caught in a conflict between the values of consumerist self-expression and con-cerns for resale. But concern for change and resale value can inhibit design invention unnecessarily.
ecessarily.
interpretation.
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e himself holds in our collective memory. We can all see the whale skeleton in the sand we can therefore understand Holl's interpretation of it, even though the building itself may appear to be very unfamiliar.
Even if the conditions leading to types of houses change, knowledge of those types can guide us in solving current problems. A regional approach to building is always an environmental approach.
Buildings aren't opaque objects which interact thermally with the environment only
by conduction through their skins. Doors
and windows admit and exhaust air as well as sunlight -- which is called ventilation. The passage of air through a building cools the space by convection. Many architectural types have been invented to take maximum advantage of a cooling breeze.
The bod-gir of southern Iran is one of
the most inventive natural cooling systems. The wind tower captures breezes as far away from the baked desert floor as possible and then passes that air over
a subterranean cistern, further cooling it before introducing the now moistened
air into the house. )))))use. (FN)FN)))use. (FN))use. (FN)
Principles of Design
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The House as a Natural Heat Exchanger
Watson's Five Metaphors
See Dwellings by Paul Oliver. See Bibliography, General Architecture.
The main room is designed for all seasons. During the warm months, with the doors open, the house functions as a large screened pavilion oriented to the cool prevailing breezes. The central cupola and the upper interior shutters enhance the natural ventilation process. In the cold months when the glass doors are closed, the tall shallow configuration of the screened bay window provides warm southern exposure to the room.
During both seasons the lake remains the dominant feature in the one room house.
1992 Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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1992 Lake/Flato Architects, Inc. (Both)
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Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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Bedford House
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1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
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Green Design
This house is for a private client in Bedford, N.Y. on a 5-3/4 acre wooded site. Unlike SITE's past commercial clients, the owner and his wife wanted the exact opposite of high profile architecture and, in point, had requested that the residence integrate with the forest so completely that the final structure might be described as invisible. The clients also expressed a strong desire to live with nature and maintain total privacy...
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1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
Bedford House
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Green Design
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The final concept is a complete response to the client's wishes. It is built in such a way that, when approaching the front of the building, it is difficult to discern where the house actually begins and where the forest ends. This has been accomplished by allowing the forest to penetrate the architecture in several layers.
1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
Bedford House
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Green Design
Whenever possible, existing trees and vegetation have been preserved. When the spectator stands in front of the building, the first layer is natural forest, the second layer is a glass block wall with conventional shuttered windows, the third layer is more trees and bushes (behind the glass wall), and the fourth layer is an internal courtyard of still more forest.
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1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
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Bedford House
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Green Design
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Consistent with SITE's philosophy of architecture as the subject matter of art, the typology of the house is a simple ranch style, organized in such a way that the entire reading of the project's ideas is based on these conventions invaded by nature. It is hoped that eventually the house will be so consumed by the forest that it will become an organic part of its context.
1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
Bedford House
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Green Design
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1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
Bedford House
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Green Design
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It is hoped that eventually the house will be so consumed by the forest that it will become an organic part of its context.=
1992 SITE Projects, Inc.
Bedford House
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Green Design
GD_Cany
Canyon Lake House
1992 Lake/ Flato Architects, Inc.
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Green Design
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Green Design
1992 Paul Hester (Photographer)
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
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Materials:
Open building (garage) -- steel frame, gravel floor, galvanized corrugated roof.
Opaque building (bedroom) -- galvanized corrugated sheathing and roofing, flat metal at entry and central hall.
Screened building (living room) -- metal screen set within steel framing, corrugated metal roof.
Stone-enclosed living area, flat metal clad guest bedroom shed.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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Alamo Cement House
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
Paul Hester
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
Project:
Architects:
Photographer:
Text:
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Green Design
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Green Design
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Materials:
Concrete floors
Painted plywood floor
Stucco walls
Gypsum board walls
Corrugated metal roofrugated metal roofs
Corrugated metal roofted metal roofted metal roofffffmetal roof
Ground level
Upper levels
Main room and
exterior
Inside thick walls
1992 Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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Biblio
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MAGAZINE OF DESIGNS
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MAGAZINE OF DESIGNS
Green Design
1992 Center for Maximum Potentiallllllllll
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Carpenter House
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Green Design
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1992 Center for Maximum Potentiallllllllll
Webberville -- Straw Clay
Flyash Building
Carpenter House
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Green Design
Growth and Form
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1992 Center for Maximum Potentiallllllllll
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Carpenter House
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Green Design
1992 Center for Maximum Potentiallllllllll
GD_Carp
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Green Design
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GD_Cany
Canyon Lake House
1992 Lake/ Flato Architects, Inc.
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Green Design
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The house site is a narrow strip of wooded hillside on the northern shore of a central Texas lake. The only drawback to the beautiful site was the close proximity to houses on the east and west.
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.sss
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Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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1992 Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
The client wanted a weekend house that could sleep as many people as her limited budget would allow. She also wanted to take advantage of the lake view while being unaware of her neighbors.
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Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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Upper Level Plan
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Ground Level Plan
The solution is a one room house which works simultaneously as a grand entry hall, a screened pavilion, and a large living-dining-kitchen room.
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.sss
Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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1992 Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
The house is entered through a thick stucco wall which houses the boat-like bedrooms, bathrooms, and storage. The combination of the thick walls acting as blinders to the east and west, the grand concrete stair, and the large opening to the lake, creates a dramatic room for viewing the natural setting.
Canyon Lake House
Green Design
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GD_Carp
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Green Design
Green Design
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MAGAZINE OF DESIGNS
GD_SR
Green Designnnnnnnn
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Green Design
The site was an old sheep ranch on the barren and windswept Mendocino coast of northern California, which had been obtained in the early 1960s. Esherick, Homsey, Dodge and Davis (EHDD) collaborated in overall planning and design of the development, and was given the specific task of designing a cluster of demonstration houses and a general store..
Esherick, Homsey, Dodge, & Davissssssssss
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Sea Ranch
Green Design
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1992 Esherick, Homsey, Dodge, & Davissssss
Intended to set a precedent for the development of this community, the demonstration houses are designed as cluster houses, with a simple shed roof shape that is adapted to the strong cool prevailing winds of the area. The repetition of these roofs from house to house creates a "wind wave" effect that provides reasonable comfort in the lee of each building. The outdoor living spaces -- an integral part of the houses -- were placed in these lees, providing comfortable, sheltered spaces. The tall south walls of each house have many windows to help capture the sun and warm the interior.
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Sea Ranch
Green Design
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What has made the Sea Ranch so successful architecturally was the sensitivity to the history, climate, and landforms of the place. These first demonstration houses and the store, were designed to fit seamlessly with the landscape and have been widely acclaimed for their ecologically sound architecture..
1992 Esherick, Homsey, Dodge, & Davissssss
Sea Ranch
Green Design
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MAGAZINE OF DESIGNS
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MAGAZINE OF DESIGNS
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Program and Site: To design an inexpensive and spacious house on forty (40) acres of ranch country between
San Antonio, and Austin, Texas. The 40 acres of scattered oaks and flat river-bottom land are bordered on the east by a large limestone cliff with a small stream. The house requirements were simple: master bedroom and library, large living area, guest bedroom, and an expansive garage for cars and light farm equipment.
Solution: The existing Alamo Cement plant, being demolished and sold for scrap at the time, was the perfect starting point for an inexpensive, spacious house. We toured the plant and selected a 180' long, 40' wide, and 20' tall 1920s steel-framed building. In addition to the building, metal stairs, railings, roof vents, cement kiln bricks, and a forge were purchased. The construction cost of the residence was greatly reduced as a result of this recycling.
The four-bay structure on the north contains the living room, kitchen, and second-level guest bedroom floating within screened walls. The z-shaped arrangement of the building works with the existing oak trees to create two distinctive courtyards: an entry court defined by the open car pavilion, and a river court on the east defined by the screened pavilion.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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1992 Paul Hester (Photographer)
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
The stone living room within the screened building forms a wall to the cold winter wind and captures the cool south-easterly breezes in the summer.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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1992 Paul Hester (Photographer)
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
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The thick stone walls contrast with the metal screen and galvanized metal walls. The recycled cement kiln bricks will be used at the inglenook fireplace vault.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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The Sea Ranch
Sonoma County, California
Esherick Homsey Dodge and Davis (EHDD)
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Green Design
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Green Design
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Green Design
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Carpenter House
Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, Inc.
Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, Inc.
Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, Inc.
The final design shows the steel building broken into three parts. The narrow central building, clad in metal, contains the master bedroom, library, utility, and open dog-run entry. The open three-bay structure on the south is the garage and farm implement building.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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1992 Paul Hester (Photographer)
Lake/Flato Architects, Inc.
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Roof ventilators and light tubes are mounted on the roof of the living room to exhaust hot air and bring in light. The spacious nature of the industrial buildings allows for an elegant collage of cement plant parts and natural materials.
Alamo Cement House
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Green Design
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The Bedford House
Bedford, New York
3000 sq. ft. interior space, not including courtyard
A cooking area that opens to other living spaces gives a roomier feel and the chance for people in different areas to interact. Natural light from atrium doors or large windows gets shared in an open plan. But so do cooking odors, noises and views.
A closed cooking area contains the odors, noises and mess and increases privacy. Swinging doors or pocket doors can provide a temporary connection between spaces. Likewise, glass doors keep out noise but allow visual contact and light.
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Courtesy Lindal Cedar Homes
e House
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Open or Closed
space
Space Allotment
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Courtesy American Woodmark
How much space you devote to food storage, preparation and cooking depends on the size house you build, your budget, and your cooking. needs. A small house doesn't necessarily mean a small work space. Nor does a small work space mean it's inadequate.
Planning for small spaces calls for greater creativity and versatility. In this photograph, a peninsula expands and defines a small L-shaped work area. The range is safely out of way of traffic.
Places For Cooking
First Steps in Kitchen Design
Space Allotment
The First and Second World Wars served to be equalizers in many kitchens. Working women found better paying jobs in factories than in the homes of the wealthy and could improve their own kitchens. That left their former employers without help and wanting convenience. In the 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright reinforced the centrality of the kitchen along
a flow and openness among the shared areas of the house. In the 1950s time and motion studies greatly improved kitchen layouts.
Today you'll find the kitchen almost anywhere in the house and almost any size. What matters is what works best for your site and your family.
with a flow and openness among the shared areas of the house. In the 1950s time and motion studies greatly improved kitchen layouts.
Today you'll find the kitchen almost anywhere in the house and almost any size. What matters is what works best for your site and your family.....ny size. What matters is what works best for your site and your family.q
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